Knowing when and how to prune apple trees will improve your crops for next year. We've got expert tips on how to do it.
Apple trees are amazing. Not only do they supply you with beautiful blossom in spring and healthy fruit in autumn, they are suitable for all shapes and sizes of gardens. You can grow them in containers in even the tiniest of gardens.
So, whether you have a balcony, a courtyard or even a big garden, we can all grow apple trees. There are more than 2,500 exciting varieties to choose from, so by growing your own you don’t need to restrict yourself to the handful of types found on a supermarket shelf.
To ensure you have a bumper crop of apples each year, it is important to regularly prune them. Knowing when and how to prune an apple tree should ensure it stays healthy and produces regular crops the following year.
I learnt how to prune apple trees while working in the fruit department at the RHS Wisley, many years ago. And I must admit, pruning apple trees is one of my favourite jobs in the garden.
There’s something magical about being in a frosty orchard in winter, armed with a pair of secateurs, a ladder and a thermos of hot soup.
So sharpen your secateurs, as we share our tips on how to prune apple trees and why winter is the best time to ensure you get bumper crops.
When you prune your apple tree, it encourages new growth. This enables the tree to constantly renew itself with healthy, young shoots. These shoots will hopefully go on to form fruit buds and fruit spurs and then produce apples. Much older shoots are less productive.
Pruning also helps to reduce over-congested canopies, which cast shade on the branches below and therefore reduces yields. Apple trees need plenty of sunlight for them to produce fruit.
Air circulation is important to prevent the build-up of pests and fungal diseases within the canopy. By pruning your apple tree and maintaining an open centre, it should help to keep it healthy and productive.
Pruning is an opportunity to remove dead and diseased branches, and some apple trees may need pruning if they have outgrown their space.
Free standing apple trees should be pruned every winter.
Pruning needs to be done while the tree is dormant, so wait until after all the leaves have fallen and before it starts to grow again (bud burst). This is usually between November and early March.
The easiest shape to prune the tree into is a bush with an open centre, similar to the shape of a goblet. This applies to trees growing in containers as well as ones planted in the ground.
The shape starts with a single trunk up to about waist height. From here there should be a framework of between four and six main branches radiating outwards, equally spaced, leaving the centre clear.
This method of pruning does not apply to espaliers, cordons, step-overs, fans and other shapes of trees.
It just refers to free-standing trees either planted in the ground or growing in containers.
To maintain this goblet shape, you may need to prune some of the additional branches growing into the centre of the tree.
Always prune close to another branch further down to allow it to take up the vigour. Never just leave a stub, as this can cause dieback in the branch.
Glyn Smith is the head gardener for National Trust’s Erddig in Wales and an apple expert. Among the plants he cares for are more than 200 varieties of apples. Smith says:
“The first thing to look for in winter when pruning are the three Ds. That is the dead, damaged and diseased branches. These are the first things that should be removed.
“Next, you want to look for branches that are growing across each other.
“One of the two crossing branches should be removed to give the remaining one more space. This will ensure they don’t rub against each other, which can damage the bark.
“This congestion can also mean they will be competing for sunlight, leaving one of them in the shade.”
When pruning an established tree, you will find that it often produces lots of wispy growth coming directly from the trunk of the tree. These are sometimes called water shoots/suckers – or, to give them their posh name, ‘epicormic growth’.
These should be removed with secateurs, as they will take energy from the tree that would be better if diverted into the branches you wish to retain and the fruit later in the year.
If you have lots of water shoots, only remove a third of them, otherwise the tree will simply react and produce even more in the following year.
Leave the tips (often called ‘leaders’) of the main four to six branches that create the framework of your goblet shape. That’s because pruning them can stimulate other branches to grow below where you cut, which causes more congestion.
The only time you might want to cut the tips of the main framework branches is when the tree is cutting too high for you and has outgrown its space. In which case, cut back to a lower branch that can replace the leader.
There will be lots of other smaller, lateral branches growing from the main (four-to-six) framework branches. These smaller branches need to be equally spaced out. Remove some of them, so that there is a hand’s-width distance between all the remaining ones.
Also remove some of the branches if they are shading those below it. This should allow the remaining branches to receive as much sunlight as possible, which is necessary for fruit production.
Smith says: “Never prune more than 25% of the tree. That can lead to excessive epicormic growth, also known as water shoots, as the tree reacts to the pruning.”
I was taught when training at RHS Wisley that after an apple tree has been pruned, there should be enough space between the individual branches for a robin to fly through the centre of it without its wings touching anything.
So that should give you an idea of how much ‘air space’ should be given between each branch when pruning.
Smith recommends pruning apple trees twice a year: “Although the main season for pruning apple trees is winter, I like to prune trees in late summer too.
“This summer pruning helps to improve the cropping for the following year.”
The summer pruning of apple trees is very light. It simply involves cutting back the new growth made during spring and summer by half their length. The removal of some of this new growth with secateurs allows more light into the canopy, which encourages the tree to produce more fruit bud next summer.
“Don’t do your summer prune too early,” warns Smith. “Otherwise the tree will make more extension growth before it goes into winter. You need to wait until the tree has stopped growing, and then prune it. For many of us, that is around the end of July, but will vary depending on where you live.”
The more serious pruning of apple trees and the removal of larger branches is done in winter when dormant.
I spend a bit of extra time each year cutting up my prunings into smaller pieces. The chunkier sections I place in my shed to season for a year. I then burn them on a woodburning stove the following winter. Applewood logs have a beautiful, perfumed scent when they burn.
I then place the ash back around the base of the apple trees in spring. The wood ash is high in potassium (potash), which improves flowering at blossom time, as well as the colour and flavour of the fruit in autumn. It’s a wonderful way of recycling your apple prunings and giving back to nature.
The smaller sections (pencil thickness) I bag up into 25cm (9.8in) lengths and use as kindling on my barbecue in the summer. When the twigs are dry, they are brilliant for getting fires going. Their subtle fruit perfume gives the food a lovely smoky apple flavour – perfect for cooking sausages.
Smith feels it is important to encourage people to plant apple trees. He says:
“If possible, people should try and plant apple trees in their garden. People get to taste apples from their own tree, rather than from the handful of apples available from the supermarket. There is nothing better than picking an apple off a tree and tasting it.
“By growing your own apple tree, you also reduce food miles. So much fruit is now imported.”
Lots of National Trust properties have apple day events where you can celebrate all things apple. Check their website for your nearest National Trust property to see if they have apple day events.
Rekha Mistry shares her top vegetables to grow in your garden all year round.
We explain the science and have 7 of the best scented plants for your garden.
From robot mowers to electric pruning shears, spruce up your outside space with four of the best garden gadgets
Our expert pruning and watering hacks include a top tip to keep them flowering from Alan Titchmarsh.
Don’t make these bird-feeding mistakes. Expert advice on how to feed birds in your garden safely.
Blighted by buzzing? How to keep wasps out of your garden without harming them so you can enjoy the summer.
The ways you could be breaking the law in your back garden - with expert advice on how to avoid neighbour disputes, a fine or even a prosecution.
Everything you need to know about Japanese knotweed, the fast-growing plant nobody wants in their garden.
